Integrated Approaches for Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in Human, Animal, and Environmental Health

Abstract

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem that is making infections increasingly difficult to treat and increasing the global burden of disease. Its effects are not limited to clinical outcomes; they also directly affect health systems, the economy, livestock production, agriculture, and the environment. This review examines the main factors involved in the emergence and spread of AMR, as well as the limitations of existing antibiotics. It also reviews current options, including new antibiotics, bacteriophages, endolysins, anti-virulence approaches, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and microbiota-based therapies. The role of rapid diagnostic methods in the timely initiation of appropriate treatment, the contribution of antimicrobial stewardship programs, and the importance of the One Health approach are also discussed. In conclusion, combating AMR requires more than the development of new drugs alone; it requires a comprehensive approach based on global collaboration, effective regulatory and oversight mechanisms, and strengthened data sharing across institutions.